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Cast iron rails of the Alexandrovsky plant railway in Russia. Metal rails introduced A replica of a "Little Eaton Tramway" wagon, the tracks are plateways. In 1764, the first railway in America was built in Lewiston, New York. The Middleton Railway in Leeds, which was built in 1758, later became the world's oldest operational railway (other than funiculars), albeit now in an upgraded form. It ran from Strelley to Wollaton near Nottingham. The Wollaton Wagonway, completed in 1604 by Huntingdon Beaumont, has sometimes erroneously been cited as the earliest British railway. This carried coal for James Clifford from his mines down to the river Severn to be loaded onto barges and carried to riverside towns. A funicular railway was made at Broseley in Shropshire some time before 1604. Owned by Philip Layton, the line carried coal from a pit near Prescot Hall to a terminus about half a mile away. A wagonway was built at Prescot, near Liverpool, sometime around 1600, possibly as early as 1594. Ī wagonway was introduced to England by German miners at Caldbeck, Cumbria, possibly in the 1560s. There are many references to wagonways in central Europe in the 16th century. The miners called the wagons Hunde ("dogs") from the noise they made on the tracks. This line used "Hund" carts with unflanged wheels running on wooden planks and a vertical pin on the truck fitting into the gap between the planks to keep it going the right way. They soon became popular in Europe and an example of their operation was illustrated by Georgius Agricola (see image) in his 1556 work De re metallica. Wagonways (or tramways), with wooden rails and horse-drawn traffic, are known to have been used in the 1550s to facilitate transportation of ore tubs to and from mines. The guide pin fits in a groove between two wooden planks. Minecart shown in De Re Metallica (1556). It may be the oldest operational railway. The line still exists and remains operational, although in updated form. The line originally used wooden rails and a hemp haulage rope and was operated by human or animal power, through a treadwheel. In 1515, Cardinal Matthäus Lang wrote a description of the Reisszug, a funicular railway at the Hohensalzburg Fortress in Austria. In order to have high efficiency of a steam engine, its steam must go through a wide range of temperatures because due to this it would result in higher expansion of the steam within the engine.See also: Funicular, Wagonway, Tramway (industrial), and Plateway Wooden rails introduced Salzburg's Reisszug, as it appears today Therefore, the correct option for the question is C, Newcomen. This was achieved by removing the spent steam to separate vessels for condensation of the steam, this in turn resulted in a vast improvement of the amount of work obtained per unit fuel consumed. Later in 1765 James watt improved the working of this basic structure of steam engine greatly by making very crucial improvements in the design. The first steam engine machine which was a commercially used engine was invented by Thomas Newcomen in 1712.

Then the force pushing the piston is transformed into rotational force for work by using a connecting rod and a flywheel. The basic working of a steam engine is that it uses the forces which are produced due to the steam pressure and then pushes a piston back and forth inside a cylindrical vessel thus performing mechanical work. Steam engine is a machine that revolutionised a century and led to the industrial revolution. Among the given options of scientists we have to choose the one who performed the functions that resulted in the initial formation of a steam engine. Just like all devices it was invented by a scientist and then improved by others in future. Hint: Steam engine is a type of heat engine that is used to perform mechanical work using steam.